In investigating the possibility of elimination of a component, the analysts also should see if any part of it can be eliminated, if two parts or more can be combined into one, and if the number of different sizes and types of an element can be reduced. If costs might be increased by use of a nonstandard or unavailable item, the analysts should consider substitution of a more appropriate alternative. In addition, consideration should be given to simplification of construction or installation of components and to ease of maintenance and repair. In the following phase of value analysis, the analysts should critically evaluate the original design and alternatives. The ultimate goal should be recommendation of the original design and alternative, whichever offers the greatest value and costsavings potential. The analysts also should submit estimated costs for the original design and the alternative. In the final phase, the analysts should prepare and submit to the client or the clients representative who appointed them a written report on the study and resulting recommendations. Also, they should submit a workbook containing detailed backup information. Value engineering should start during the conceptual phase of design. Then, it has the greatest impact on cost control and no cost is involved in making design changes. During later design phases, design changes involve some cost, especially when substitution of major subsystems is involved, but the cost is nowhere near as great as when changes are made during construction. Such changes should be avoided if possible. Value engineering, however, should be applied to the project specifications and construction contract. Correction of unnecessary and overconservative specifications and contract provisions offers considerable potential for cost

For z less than 15 ft, K  0.00031. For Exposure B, for heights up to 1200 ft above ground level, 4 / 9 z For z less than 15 ft, K  0.00095. For Exposure C, for heights up to 900 ft above ground level, 2 / 7 z For z less than 15 ft, K  0.0020. For Exposure D, for heights up to 700 ft above ground level, 1 / 5 z For z less than 15 ft, K  0.0031. For ordinary buildings not subject to hurricanes, the velocity pressure qz, psf, at height z may be calculated from q  KV2 (5.7) z where V  basic wind speed, mi/hr, but not less than 70 mi/hr. For important buildings, such as hospitals and communication buildings, for buildings sensitive to wind, such as slender skyscrapers, and for buildings presenting a high degree of hazard to life and property, such as auditoriums, qz computed from Eq. (5.7) should be increased 15%. To allow for hurricanes, qz should be increased 10% for ordinary buildings and 20% for important, wind-sensitive or high-risk buildings along coastlines. These increases may be assumed to reduce uniformly with distance from the shore to zero for ordinary buildings and 15% for the more important or sensitive buildings at points 100 mi inland. Wind pressures on low buildings are different at a specific elevation from those on tall buildings. Hence, building codes may give different formulas for pressures for the two types of construction. In any case, however, design wind pressure should be a minimum of 10 psf. Multistory Buildings. For design of the main wind-force resisting system of ordinary, rectangular, multistory buildings, the design pressure at any height z, ft, above ground may be computed from p  G C q (5.8) zw o pw z where pzw  design wind pressure, psf, on windward wall Go  gust response factor Cpw  external pressure coefficient qz  velocity pressure computed from Eq. (5.7) and modified for hurricanes and building importance, risks, and wind sensitivity For windward walls, Cpw may be taken as 0.8. For side walls, Cpw may be assumed as 0.7 (suction). For roofs and leeward walls, the design pressure at elevation z

Wash off after the stain disappears and neutralise with a 15 grams per litre solution of washing soda (or suitable neutraliser). Brick Cleaning and Maintenance Brick Technical Manual 38 3.8 Bowral Chillingham White Cleaning Instructions This product is very sensitive to vanadium staining, which is not permanent and will appear after exposure to hydrochloric acid or excessive water penetration (refer to pages 16 & 17 of the Think Brick Australia Cleaning of Clay Masonry Manual). Vanadium salts are naturally occurring in many light coloured bricks and the resulting stains can be best managed as follows: Cleaning Instructions 1. Yellow/green stains present on the bricks prior to laying can be treated successfully with sodium hypochlorite which is the active ingredient in household bleach and swimming pool chlorine (a trigger pack of exit mould is a convenient option). Once the stain has disappeared rinse the brick with clean water. 2. Any remaining stains may require a stronger treatment. Use either: a. A mix of 20 to 40 grams of oxalic acid per litre of water (preferably hot) applied to dry bricks, followed by a neutralising solution of 15 grams per litre of Sodium Bicarbonate once the stain has disappeared. The neutralising solution should not be rinsed off.