(c) FIGURE 12.5 (Continued ) Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) is commonly known by the trade name Hypalon. It is a thermoset product, but it cures after installation on a roof. This product is specified in ASTM D5019 (Type I). It is usually supplied in a white color. Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) is a synthetic rubber membrane. It is a thermoset product specified in ASTM D4637. This standard includes specifications for Type I, non-reinforced; Type II, scrim (or fabric) internally rein- FIGURE 12.6 Robotic sprayer applying polyurethane foam. forced, and Type III, fabric backed. It is available in a white color, but black is used most often. Polyisobutylene (PIB) is a thermoplastic product, specified in ASTM standard D5019 (Type II). It is available in a black or white color. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic product, specified in ASTM D4434. Different types and grades are specified in ASTM D4434 and identify a membrane by the type and location of the reinforcement or fabric backing. It is available in a variety of colors. PVC blends (also known as copolymer alloys) are based on PVC resin. They are similar to PVC membranes. The next revision of ASTM D4434 will probably also cover PVC blends. Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), as the name denotes, is a thermoplastic product containing polyolefin polymers. TPOs are newer to the marketplace in the United States; however, variations of this membrane have been used in Europe for many years. Currently, an ASTM standard is being drafted for this single-ply

Post-tensioned slab-ongrade A continuous post-tensioned concrete foundation. The post-tensioning effect is created by tensioning steel tendons or cables embedded within the concrete. Common post-tensioned foundations are the ribbed foundation, California Slab, and PTI foundation. Raised wood floor Perimeter footings that support wood beams and a floor system. Interior support is provided by pad or strip footings. There is a crawl space below the wood floor. Mat foundation A large and thick reinforced concrete foundation, often of uniform thickness, that is continuous and supports the entire structure. A mat foundation is considered to be a shallow foundation if it is constructed at or near ground surface. TABLE 6.2 Common Types of Foundations (Continued) Category Common types Comments Driven piles Driven piles are slender members, made of wood, steel, or precast concrete, that are driven into place using pile-driving equipment. Other types of piles There are many other types of piles, such as bored piles, cast-in-place piles, or composite piles. Piers Similar to cast-in-place piles, piers are often of large diameter and contain reinforced concrete. Pier and grade beam support are often used for foundation support on expansive soil. Caissons Large piers are sometimes referred to as caissons. A caisson can also be a watertight underground structure within which construction work is carried on. Deep foundations Mat or raft foundation If a mat or raft foundation is constructed below ground surface or if the mat or raft foundation is supported by piles or piers, then it should be considered to be a deep foundation system. Floating foundation A special foundation type where the weight of the structure is balanced by the removal of soil and construction of an underground basement.

Figure 4 Grey* Examples of same brick with different mortar colours Figure 5 Off White* Figure 6 Grey* * Colours shown are an indication only. Mortar colours will vary depending on the type of cement, sand and pigments used. Working with Bricks Brick Technical Manual 21 Mortar Mixes Mortar mixes are always specified as the proportion of cement to lime to sand. For example, a common mortar made from Portland cement has one part cement, to one part lime and 6 parts of sand is abbreviated C1:L1:S6 or 1:1:6 (the chief cementing agent will always be expressed as one). The type of mortar mix is classified according to the Australian Standard AS 3700 as M1, M2, M3 or M4. The grade chosen by the masonry designer should match the requirements of the design. AS 3700 lists the deemed-to-satisfy proportions for the various grades. A brief description of the various mixes is given in the table below. For a more detailed description of the masonry mixes, grades and their applications refer to AS 3700 or to the Think Brick Manual 10; Construction Guidelines for Clay Masonry.