where q  Btu/hr developed W  watts of electricity used For lighting, if W is taken as the total light wattage, it may be reduced by the ratio of the wattage expected to be consumed at any time to the total installed wattage. This ratio may be unity for commercial applications, such as stores. Where fluorescent lighting is used, add 25% of the lamp rating for the heat generated in the ballast. Where electricity is used to heat coffee, etc., some of the energy is used to vaporize water. Tables in the ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals give an estimate of the Btu per hour given up as sensible heat and that given up as latent heat by appliances. Heat gain from people can be obtained from Table 13.9. Heat Gain from Outside Air. The sensible heat from outside air brought into a conditioned space can be obtained from q  1.08Q(T
T ) (13.30) s o i where qs  sensible load due to outside air, Btu/hr Q  ft3 /min of outside air brought into conditioned space To  design dry-bulb temperature of outside air Ti  design dry-bulb temperature of conditioned space The latent load due to outside air in Btu per hour is given by q  0.67Q(G
G ) (13.31) l o i where Q  ft3 /min of outside air brought into conditioned space Go  moisture content of outside air, grains per pound of air Gi  moisture content of inside air, grains per pound of air The moisture content of air at various conditions may be obtained from a psychrometric

Management of the building process is best performed by the individuals educated and trained in the profession, that is, architects and engineers. While the laws of various states and foreign countries differ, they are consistent relative to the registration requirements for practicing architecture. No individual may legally indicate to the public that he or she is entitled to practice as an architect without a professional certificate of registration as an architect registered in the locale in which the project is to be constructed. This individual is the registered architect. In addition to the requirements for individual practice of architecture, most states and countries require a certificate of registration for a single practitioner and a certificate of authorization for an entity such as a corporation or partnership to conduct business in that locale. An architect is a person who is qualified by education, training, experience, and examination and who is registered under the laws of the locale to practice architecture there. The practice of architecture within the meaning and intent of the law

For control of large, separate loads, the live copper blades of the various switches are concealed in steel enclosures, and the movable blades are operated by insulated levers on the front of the board. The equipment is called a dead-front switchboard. 15.7.4 Protective Devices for Circuits In an electrical distribution system for a building, each electric service must have a means of disconnection, but it may not consist of more than six service switches. Each service switch may disconnect service to a panelboard from which lighter feeders extend to other distribution points, up to the final branch circuits with the minimum size wire, No. 12. This panelboard contains switches with lower disconnecting ratings than that of the service switch and that serve as disconnecting means for the light feeders. The rating and type of each switch must correspond to the size and kind of load and the wire size. There must also be in every circuit some protective device to open the circuit if there is an unexpected overload, such as a short circuit or a jammed motor that prolongs a high inrush current. These protective devices may be fuses combined with knife switches, or circuit breakers, which provide both functions in one device. In addition, electrical systems should be protected against power surges caused by lightning strokes. See Art. 15.19.1. Fuses in lighting and applicance circuits with loads up to 40 A may be the screwed plug type, with a metallic melting element behind a transparent top. For each rating, plug fuses are given different colors and the screw size is made intentionally different, to prevent errors. Cartridge fuses are another type of fuse. They are cylindrical in form and are available in any size. They are classified for special purposes, and the rating is clearly marked on the cylinder. So-called HI-CAP fuses (high capacity) are used for fused service switches that have the capacity to interrupt very high short-circuit