Working with Bricks Brick Technical Manual 17 2.2 Decorative Brick Patterns Bricks are such a versatile material, they truly allow you to express your life and style in so many ways. Below are examples of brick patterns that can be used to differentiate your project. Structural integrity of the brickwork must be confirmed with a structural engineer for these brick patterns. Working with Bricks Brick Technical Manual 18 2.3 Blending The composition of the raw materials as well as the firing process will result in colour variation not only within packs, but also from pack to pack. This variation is inherent in the process and part of the appeal of our natural products. To ensure that colour variation from one pack to the next is dealt with correctly, we advise that the bricks are blended (mixed among themselves) during laying. The advised method to do this is to select units from down and across three to six open packs to ensure an even colour distribution across the surface.

C  C      (4.4) eq 6 20 10 50 10 40 where Ni  nickel content, % Cr  chromium content, % Mo  molybdenum content, % V  vanadium content, % Cu  copper content, % Carbon equivalent appears to be related to the maximum rate at which a weld and adjacent base metal may be cooled after welding without underbead cracking occurring. The higher the carbon equivalent, the lower will be the allowable cooling rate. Also, the higher the carbon equivalent, the more important use of lowhydrogen electrodes and preheating becomes. The processing of steels after conversion of pig iron to steel in a furnace has an important influence on the characteristics of the final products. The general procedure is as follows: The molten steel at about 2900
F is fed into a steel ladle, a refractory-lined open-top vessel. Alloying materials and deoxidizers may be added during the tapping of the heat or to the ladle. From the ladle, the liquid steel is poured into molds, where it solidifies. These castings, called ingots, then are placed in special furnaces, called soaking pits. There, the ingots are held at the desired temperature for rolling until the temperature is uniform throughout each casting. Ideally, an ingot should be homogeneous, with a fine, equiaxial crystal structure. It should not contain nonmetallic inclusions or cavities and should be free of chemical segregation. In practice, however, because of uneven cooling and release of gases in the mold, an ingot may develop any of a number of internal and external defects. Some of these may be eliminated or minimized during the rolling operation. Prevention or elimination of the others often adds to the cost of steels. Steel cools unevenly in a mold, because the liquid at the mold walls solidifies first and cools more rapidly than metal in the interior of the ingot. Gases, chiefly oxygen, dissolved in the liquid, are released as the liquid cools. Four types of ingot may resultkilled, semikilled, capped, and rimmeddepending on the amount of gases dissolved in the liquid, the carbon content of the steel, and the amount of deoxidizers added to the steel. A fully killed ingot develops no gas; the molten steel lies dead in the mold. The top surface solidifies relatively fast. Pipe, an intermittently bridged shrinkage cavity, forms below the top. Fully killed steels usually are poured in big-end-up molds with hot tops to confine the pipe to the hot top, which is later discarded. A semikilled ingot develops a slight amount of gas. The gas, trapped when the metal solidifies, forms blowholes in the upper portion of the ingot. A capped ingot develops rimming action, a boiling caused by evolution of gas, forcing the steel to rise. The action is stopped by a metal cap secured to the mold. Strong upward currents along the sides of the mold sweep away bubbles that otherwise would form blowholes in the upper portion of the ingot. Blowholes do form, however, in the lower portion, separated by a thick solid skin from the mold walls. A rimmed ingot develops a violent rimming action, confining blowholes to only the bottom quarter

1. Strain of steel and concrete is proportional to distance from neutral axis (Fig. 9.50c). 2. Maximum usable compression strain of concrete is 0.003 in / in (Fig. 9.50c). 3. Stress, psi, in longitudinal reinforcing bars equals steel strain s times 29,000,000 for strains below yielding, and equals the steel yield strength y, tension or compression, for larger strains (Fig. 9.50). 4. Tensile strength of concrete is negligible. 5. Capacity of the concrete in compression, which is assumed at a maximum stress of , must be consistent with test results. A rectangular stress distribution 0.85
c (Fig. 9.50d) may be used. Depth of the rectangle may be taken as a
1c, where c is the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme compression surface and 1
0.85 for c
 4000 psi and 0.05 less for each 1000 psi that
c exceeds 4000 psi, but 1 should not be taken less than 0.65. In addition to these general assumptions, design must be based on equilibrium and strain compatibility conditions. No essential difference develops in maximum capacity between tied and spiral columns, but spiral-reinforced columns show far FIGURE 9.50 Stresses and strains in a reinforcedconcrete