Creosote and creosote solutions have low volatility. They are practically insoluble in water, and thus are most suitable for severe exposure, contact with ground or water, and where painting is not a requirement or a creosote odor is not objectionable. Oilborne chemicals are organic compounds dissolved in an approved petroleum carrier oil, and are suitable for outdoor exposure or where leaching may be a factor, or where painting is not required. Depending on the type of oil used, they may result in relatively clean surfaces. While there is a slight odor from such treatment, it is usually not objectionable. Waterborne inorganic salts are dissolved in water or aqua ammonia, which evaporates after treatment and leaves the chemicals in the wood. The strength of solutions varies to provide net retention of dry salt required. These salts are suitable where clean and odorless surfaces are required. The surfaces are paintable after proper seasoning. See also Art. 4.36. (Design of Wood-Frame Structures for Permanence, WCD No. 6, American Forest & Paper Association, Washington, D.C.) Fire-retardant treatment with approved chemicals can make wood highly resistant to the spread of fire. Although wood will char where exposed to fire or high temperatures, even if it is treated with a fire retardant, chemicals will retard transmission of heat and rate of destruction. Treated with adequate quantities of an approved chemical, wood will not support combustion nor contribute fuel to a fire and will cease to burn after the ignition source is removed. The fire retardant may be applied as a paint or by impregnation under pressure. The latter is more effective. It may be considered permanent if the wood is used where it will be protected from

Dead loads include materials, equipment, constructions, or other elements of weight supported in, on, or by a building, including its own weight, that are intended to remain permanently in place. Live loads include all occupants, materials, equipment, constructions, or other elements of weight supported in, on, or by a building and that will or are likely to be moved or relocated during the expected life of the building. Impact loads are a fraction of the live loads used to account for additional stresses and deflections resulting from movement of the live loads. Wind loads are maximum forces that may be applied to a building by wind in a mean recurrence interval, or a set of forces that will produce equivalent stresses. Snow loads are maximum forces that may be applied by snow accumulation in a mean recurrence interval. Seismic loads are forces that produce maximum stresses or deformations in a building during an earthquake. 5.1.2 Service Loads In designing structural members, designers should use whichever is larger of the

Contract Conditions. These define the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the various parties involved in the construction process. Two types of contract conditions exist, General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions. The General Conditions have general clauses that establish how the project is to be administered. They normally contain provisions that are common practice. Definitions of project terms, temporary provisions, site security, management process required, and warranties and guarantees are among those items addressed in the General Conditions. The Supplementary Conditions modify or supplement the general conditions to provide for requirements unique to a specific project and not normally found in standard General Conditions. To maintain a consistently high level of quality in design and construction documentation, a rigorous internal review of the documents prepared by the architect or engineer, which draws on the full depth and experience of resources available, should be undertaken during the contract document phase. Quality control can begin in the earliest stages of design, when criteria are established and developed as design guidelines for use throughout the project. At each stage of development, a coordination checklist, based on previous experience, can be utilized for the project through an independent internal or external technical checking program. Computer file management may be used to enable the various technical disciplines to share graphic data and check for interference conditions, thereby enhancing technical coordination of the documents. Quality control should also continue throughout the construction phase with architect and engineer review of shop drawings and on-site observation of the work. Quality Management Program. To have a truly meaningful quality management program, all personnel must be committed to it. To help the professional staff understand the quality program, quality systems should be developed, updated, maintained, and administered to assist the architect and professional staff in providing quality service to clients. An individual in each office may be assigned to assist in the quality management program. This person should undertake to instill in all personnel the importance of such a program in every aspect of the daily conduct of business. The quality management program should set quality goals; develop professional interaction for meeting these goals among peers and peer groups; review building systems, specifications, and drawings to ensure quality; and see that these objectives are known to the public. Such a program will result in a client base that will communicate the quality level of the architect to others in the community, profession, and international marketplace. The architects image is of extreme importance in acquiring and maintaining clients, and the best quality management program focuses on client service and dedication to the profession. Competitive bidding is one method of determining the least cost for performing work defined by the construction documents. The bid states the price that the bidder will contract for to perform the work based on the work shown and described in the bidding documents. Bids are prepared in confidence by each bidder. They are usually sealed when submitted to the client (or, in the case of subcontractors, to the bidding contractors). At a specified time and date, all bids are opened, competitively examined, and compared. Unless there are compelling reasons to do otherwise, the client (contractor in the case of subcontractors) usually enters into an agreement to have the work performed by the bidder submitting the lowest price. Before bids may be received, prospective bidders need to be identified and made aware of the project. Sufficient data should be furnished to potential bidders to allow preparation of their bids. The client may or may not wish to prequalify bidders. In those cases where prequalification is required, the architect can have meaningful input in the process based on past experience with potential bidders. The terms bid and proposal are synonymous. Although proposal may imply an opportunity for more consideration and discussion with the client, architect, or engineer, bid, bidder, and bid form are preferable, to prevent misunderstanding by